Whereas conventional (non-open access) journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, site licenses or pay-per-view charges, open-access journals are characterised by funding models which do not require the reader to pay to read the journal's contents or they rely on public funding. The main focus of the open access movement is " peer reviewed research literature." Historically, this has centered mainly on print-based academic journals. With open access strictly defined (according to the 2001 definition), or libre open access, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an open license for copyright. Open access ( OA) is a set of principles and a range of practices through which research outputs are distributed online, free of cost or other access barriers.
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